Principles of General Chemistry by Martin S. Silberberg PDF




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Sidgwick’s Effective Atomic Number Rule

            The EAN rule is also called as the 18-electron rule of noble gas rule . According to this rule, the total number of electrons around the central metal ion including to those gained through co-ordination by the ligands is known as the effective atomic number of the central atom. In many cases this number is equal to the atomic number of next higher inert gas. EAN = Atomic no: of central atom ± Electron gained or lost + No. of electron denoted by ligands. Complex Atomic no: of central atom ± Electron gained or lost + No. of electron denoted by ligands. EAN [Ni(CO) 4 ] 28 - 0 + 2(4) 36 [Fe(CO) 5 ] 26 – 0 + 2(5) 36 [Fe(CN) 6 ] -4 26 - 2 + 2(6) 36 [Zn(NH 3 ) 4 ] 2+ 30 - 2 + 2(4) 36 [V(CO) 6 ] - 23 + 1 + 2(6) 36 [Pd(NH 3 ) 6 ] 4+ 78 – 4 + 2(6) 86 [Cr(NH 3 ) 6 ]...
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Surface Tension (γ)

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Ø The force acting per unit length or energy per unit area of the surface of a liquid is called the surface tension of that liquid. Explanation: A molecule in the bulk of liquid experiences equal intermolecular forces from all sides. The molecule, therefore, does not experience any net force. But for the molecule on the surface, the net attractive force is towards the interior of the liquid (See figure), due to the molecules below it. Since there are no molecules above it. These downward attractive forces are responsible for the surface tension. Ø The surface tension tends to reduce the surface area of the liquid. Ø Freely falling drop of liquid is spherical due to surface tension as sphere has the smallest ratio of surface area to volume. Unit of Surface Tension: The measuring unit of surface tension is dynes/cm or ergs/cm 2 (1 dynes/cm = 1 erg/cm 3 ) Surface tension (dynes/cm or ergs/cm 2 ) at 20 ° C Liquid Surface tension ( γ ) Water ...
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